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Culture Without Context
Issue 7,
Autumn 2000
Asian art
Chinese arrest
Soundbites
Persian seizure
West African news
Internet concerns
International conventions and treaties
Media activity
Smugglers foiled
New laws in Israel?
Harappan discovery
Recent returns
Sotheby's denial
Political concerns
Romanian treasure hunters
Sources |
News and quotes about Asian Art, as London geared up for Asian Art week:
- Antiques Trade Gazette (16 Sept.) wonders if continued pressure from China
to repatriate items will lead to an increased focus on Southeast Asian material.
- Colin Sheaf, Head of Asian art at Phillips auction house, says that
such a quantity of jade objects are now being faked that an early
provenance is 'worth everything' (The Art Newspaper, Nov. 2000) He also comments
that unprovenanced early material does not sell well, and that 'little recently excavated
material is sold at auction' (as one would hope!)
- It is reported (The Art Newspaper, Nov. 2000) that as many as three quarters of
all ceramics fresh on the market in Hong Kong may be fake.
The best fakes apparently come from Jingdezhen, in Jiagnxi province where
forgers, who are said to work to order from old Sotheby's catalogues, have access to
deposits of high-grade kaolin, identical to that used for Song, Ming and Quing porcelain.
It is rumoured that now even expensive thermoluminescence testing, to
check authenticity, can be pointless since fakes have been injected with
radioactive material.
- Pre-eminent oriental art dealer Robert Ellsworth told The Art
Newspaper (Nov.) that due to worries over the trade in illicit material provenance
is now worth one-third of the price of an item, especially if it is Asian. But
according to Ellsworth, the number of clients keenly concerned about provenance is less
than would be imagined, unless they want to donate the object to a major institution in
which case it would require sound documentation. He adds that if all
'so-called plundered' material were repatriated 'neglect would destroy 90 per cent
of what was returned' although Mr Ellsworth gives no indication as to how he arrives at
this percentage. He concludes that 'It's the balance of interest in art, commitment to art
and the donating of art that outweighs all the trash written about smuggling and raiding'.
September: In China, Wang Haijun and his accomplices were arrested for looting the Song
Dynasty (1065) period cave temple of Qianfudong, Huanglin Couny, Shanxi
Provice in May. During the raid the group is alleged to have tied up watchmen, and
chiselled the heads off 89 of the thousand or more Buddha statues at the
site, in the process damaging many more. The heads had not yet been sold when the culprits
were arrested.
- Volume 1 of a new journal, Public Archaeology (James & James [Science
Publishers Ltd] London), has published a dialogue between Professor Susan Keech
McIntosh of Rice University, Houston and Professor Colin Renfrew,
McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge on the subject of the 'Good
Collector'. In a response, Steven Vincent of Art & Auction
magazine argues that suppressing the antiquities trade is no answer.
- James Ede, chairman of the Antiquities Dealers Association, UK, argues
(Museums Journal Sept. 2000) that Stealing History, a report
commissioned by the Museums Association and ICOM UK has got its arguments wrong.
He suggests that it presents a one-dimensional argument about collecting
which has fatal flaws, takes issue with figures quoted, and concludes that UK museums
should follow stringent rules for acquisition, but should not allow paranoia to stop them
fulfilling their proper functions.
- Leading antiquities fair 'Cultura' which took place in Basel,
Switzerland in October, published a statement by board member, Professor Peter
Blome, Director of the Basel Museum of Ancient Art and Ludwig Collection,
explaining that since the collecting of classical antiquities has recently become an area
of such politically charged debate, the fair has sought close co-operation with the Art
Loss Register in London, during the vetting days preceding the sale. All art
objects above a given value were automatically searched (see
Editorial).
- In the Sept./Oct. edition of his magazine, Minerva, dealer Jerome Eisenberg
re-states his longheld view that 'huge quantities of unseen and
unpublished antiquities sit in the store rooms of Mediterranean museums, . . . slowly disintegrating
through either, or both, neglect or lack of proper storage conditions.' He urges that they
should be catalogued and duplicate objects from collections sold to raise
funds and create new supplies of licit antiquities. In a private letter to Eisenberg, not
intended for publication, Neil Brodie of the Illicit Antiquities Research
Centre, had argued that from his experience of Greek museums, this description may not be
accurate.
- Major General Roberto Conforti, head of the Italian Carabinieri's
Protection of National Heritage Squad, criticized the lack of controls on
works of stolen art in Britain. In London to give evidence to the House
of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee's enquiry into the illicit trade in
works of art and antiquities he told The Evening Standard (23 May 2000) that around half
of all the stolen pieces his squad are seeking either end up in London,
or have passed through before being sold. He said that British legislation is
'permissive, or anyhow "lacunose"', adding that the origins of many
objects for sale is 'for British law an almost irrelevant detail', that Scotland Yard was
not properly equipped to tackle the illicit trade, and that auction houses had become a
channel for stolen goods through which they could be 'laundered' and put back on the
market with 'impunity'.
- Antiques Trade Gazette (5-12 Aug. 2000) notes that political pressure
on the antiquities trade, at least in the UK, only serves to drive it to
Switzerland and the USA.
The mummy of an ancient Persian princess, lying in a wooden and gold
sarcophagus and dressed in full burial regalia was seized by police from a house in Quetta,
Pakistan following a tip-off. The owner of the house, Sardar Wali
Mohammad Reeki, is now in custody and told police he received the mummy from Haji
Sharif Bakji (now wanted for questioning), who may be Iranian and claimed he found it in a
damaged house after an earthquake in Kharan, Balochistan. The pair had
apparently received an offer of 60 million rupees ($1.1 million) for the mummy, although
they were asking as much as 600 million rupees. Described by scholars as unique, the mummy
is likely to have been stolen from one of the tombs in the areas of Gyan, Kurh
Dam, Da-u-Dakhtar, or Hamadan (Iran) or come from the Kharan region itself, where
looting of burial mounds is rife. Experts are struggling to date the princess who was
apparently about 18 at the time of death. Although all features suggest an ancient
Egyptian origin, inscriptions on the sarcophagus are in cuneiform. According to
inscriptions on her gold chest plate, she may have been from the ancient Persian
dynasty of Khamam-ul-Nishiyan (established in 600 BC) leading to speculation that
she might have been the Egyptian wife of a Persian prince whose body was preserved and
buried in accordance with the customs and rites of her native country.
The mummy is now in Karachi National Museum in Pakistan, but a custody battle
has begun between Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan, who claim the mummy must have been
looted from their territory during the protracted war.
- A Sunday Times investigation (4 June 2000) reports that West African
antiquities, including tribal crowns, carvings and terracottas are arriving on
the market in London in such quantities that artefacts that would have
fetched £30,000 a decade ago are now on sale for a tenth of the price.
It found that organized gangs with up to 1000 workers have systematically dug up dozens
of protected sites to satisfy demand in Europe. The Nigerian High
Commission has complained about the number of goods without provenance being sold
openly by auction houses and dealers.
During the investigation, Michael Telfer-Smollett, a London dealer in
African art sold to the Sunday Times for £275 a Yoruba tribal crown
which Nigerian officials say would have been banned from export. He said
most of his African material was brought to him by Africans by the bagful and added 'I
don't believe the crown was smuggled, but it's impossible to check. It's
up to the authorities in Nigeria to check it before it comes out'.
- Distinguished Nigerian specialist, Frank Willet has reluctantly urged
that looted and stolen artefacts should no longer be returned to Nigeria,
because of corruption in the country. He says that corrupt officials are exploiting their
cultural heritage by allowing its illicit export to dealers and collectors
in the West, and cites thefts in recent years from museums at Abadan,
Abeokuta, Esie, Jos and Owo.
- Controversy continues concerning the Louvre's decision to exhibit two
recently purchased Nok terracottas in their new gallery for art from
Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas (see In the News CWC Issue 6), opened by
President
Chirac in April. The Art Newspaper (June) reports that, according to an
unpublished account by an official in the Nigerian National Commission for Museums
and Monuments, President Chirac first approached the then Nigerian president,
seeking approval to buy the pieces (on sale in Brussels for a reported $360,000 2 years
ago). Approval was not forthcoming since the Commission believed such a deal would 'confer
legality . . . and encourage further looting'. Apparently, in May 1999 President Chirac
raised the matter again with the new Nigerian government; the National Commission's
reservations were overturned and an agreement reached whereby the French would acquire the pieces (and
one other Sokoto sculpture) with government blessing in return for technical assistance to
Nigerian museums. The Nigerian president presented them personally when the deal was
signed in February.
However, in April, the Nigerian embassy in Paris issued a statement which referred to
the Nok pieces in the Louvre, warned 'individuals or groups against the purchase, sale or
export' of such items, explaining that sale, export or transfer violates various Nigerian
laws and has been condemned by ICOM (see In The New CWC Issue 6). Following fresh
controversy over the case, generated by archaeologist Lord Renfrew's comments that Chirac
had displayed a 'dishonourable attitude', Nigeria's ambassador to Paris, Abiodun Aina, has
denied that his government reached an agreement with France and called for the pieces to
be repatriated. The case is now being investigated by art crime specialists in the French
police.
The Louvre has emphasized that it had no role in the acquisition of the contested
statues.
- In response to outrage from members over internet auctions of antiquities,
the Society for American Archaeology, Society for Historical Archaeology,
and American Anthropological Association sent a letter in July to
Amazon.com
and eBay.com (the Internet auction giant) detailing serious concerns
about such sales, and asking they cease. The letter argues that it has long been clear
that the commercial market for antiquities is the primary stimulus for looting of
archaeological sites worldwide, emphasizes the importance of context and provenance, and
describes the destruction that looting entails. It goes on to explain that the Internet
sale of antiquities has vastly increased the number of people who can
engage with the market, and highlights the difficulties surrounding the legal status of
antiquities and determining authenticity. Interested organisations and individuals were
also encouraged to send similar letters.
- July: The auction of a piece of stone (with more to follow), purported
to have been chipped from the limestone casing of the Great Pyramid of Cheops,
Egypt, was halted by eBay after experts questioned the legality of the
sale and whether the item was genuine. The seller, 'brsteve', claimed he had taken the
piece when it was still possible to climb the Pyramid and that it would look great made
into a pendant. As bidding reached $42.99 (from a starting point of $10.00), Director of
Antiquities for the Pyramids, Zahi Hawass, claimed the offer was a hoax,
insisting that the Pyramids are too heavily guarded for anyone to break off a piece, and
that international agreements would prevent the sale of such a souvenir. An eBay spokesman
admitted that they believed that it would be illegal to sell the item and
were consulting with the US State Department as a matter of course.
- Six claimants from California have won the first round in a legal fight against
eBay, which may have important implications. They say the sports memorabilia they
bought via the site proved to be fake and argue that eBay should ensure
that only legitimate goods are sold on the site. EBay argues that it acts
only as
a sales forum and cannot be held responsible for fraudulent transactions.
- An Agreement, signed by the US and Nicaraguan governments providing US
import
restrictions on pre-Columbian cultural material from Nicaragua, went into effect
on 26 October, following an exchange of diplomatic notes. Classes of
object subject to restriction include pre-Columbian archaeological material from 8000 BC
to AD 1550, which may enter the US if accompanied by an export permit issued by the
Government of Nicaragua, or documentation that items left Nicaragua prior to 26 October
2000.
- The Japanese government is considering the possibility of signing up to
the 1970 UNESCO Convention. 91 States are now party to the Convention,
but Lyndel Prott, director of the International Standards Section of
UNESCO's Cultural Heritage Division emphasized the importance of getting major art trading
nations like Japan, UK and Switzerland to sign.
- Negotiations, begun in 1998, continue between China's Cultural Relics Bureau and
the US government to finalize a bilateral agreement to reduce
smuggling and facilitate seizure and repatriation of Chinese cultural material. Previous
bi-lateral treaties have restricted the import into the USA of archaeological or
ethnological material from countries such as El Salvador, Guatemala, Canada, Mali Cyprus
and Cambodia, but it would appear that the Chinese are aiming for a more ambitious
agreement which would include further conditions of the 1970 UNESCO
Convention. The US Embassy has offered to recommend legal experts
to assist the Bureau. There are also issues as to whether the Foreign Affairs Department
of the Cultural Relics Bureau, which maintains close ties with auction houses,
dealers and museums, is the best department to be responsible for monitoring the illicit
trade in antiquities.
- Paris, November: UNESCO hosted a meeting of international experts on the trade
in illicit cultural material to mark the 30th anniversary of the 1970 UNESCO Convention on
the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of
Ownership of Cultural Property.
- US television station PBS has announced that in future they will
address
looting issues and current laws governing collection and importation of
archaeological artefacts both on air and on their Web site. The statement
follows complaints from archaeologists after archaeological objects, including a
pre-Hispanic pot from Colombia, were appraised and valued in a February
broadcast of their show Antiques Roadshow, but no mention was
made of looting or the legal situation.
- On 27 June BBC Radio Four's File on Four investigated the
illicit trade in antiquities. During the half hour broadcast, journalist Jolyon Jenkins
investigated looting of archaeological sites, thefts from museums, smuggling routes,
connections with the drugs trade, and problems of repatriation. The programme covered a
lot of ground and featured case studies from all over the world,
including a looted Mycenaean cemetery, the Corinth Museum robbery (see In the News
Issue 5 &
Issue 6), the
Salisbury Hoard, Apulian vases, the Elmali hoard, looting in the Petén, and the situation
in Nigeria. Among those interviewed were James Ede, Ricardo Elia, Jerome
Eisenberg, Greek police and archaeologists, Özgen Acar, Howard Speigler, Dick Ellis, Ian
Graham, Patrick Darling, Frank Willet, Colin Renfrew and Joanna Van Der Lande of the
Antiquities Dealers Association. Jenkins concluded by asking whether 'codes of behaviour
based on trust and honour are adequate' to regulate today's trade in antiquities.
- In an article on the temples of Angkor in the August edition of
National
Geographic magazine, Douglas Preston reports that more destruction
has been caused by looting than by war to the Khmer monuments of Cambodia. At the
complex of Angkor Wat, he found that scarcely a freestanding statue retains its head,
while many statues have disappeared completely. Since managers at Angkor mobilized a
security
force, a first for a World Heritage Site, guards have helped reduce theft but
looters have transferred their activities to more remotes sites such as
Banteay
Chmar near the Thai border (See In the News CWC Issues
4,
5 &
6). Preston describes arriving at Banteay Chmar to find a
section of the south wall, previously covered with bas-reliefs of a battle,
freshly
destroyed and the area littered with broken stone. The looters had apparently
only just left the scene, and a local hermit informed him that 15-20 soldiers from the
local post came everyday, sometimes working through the night. (Shortly after his visit
Thai authorities impounded a truck carrying 117 blocks of looted relief from Banteay
Chmar, see In The News CWC Issues
5 &
6.)
- In July Egyptian police thwarted an attempt led by a
former
police officer to smuggle abroad Greek-Roman era artefacts,
including a statue of Aphrodite.
- August, Egypt: After an operation lasting four months,
police in Cairo
foiled an attempt to smuggle $20 million worth of Islamic antiquities to the United
States. Taha Abdou Ghanem, owner of a chain of antiques shops, was
arrested in Alexandria loading some 100 pieces into a ship about to sail to
Houston,
their ultimate destination being a Dallas-based firm.
- In an attempt to stem the trafficking of antiquities through airports and at borders, an
archaeologist and art historian have been employed to work with customs officials
at Lima airport, Peru. In their first two weeks they confiscated 13
pre-Columbian items - clearly a small fraction of what is leaving the country.
One departing tourist said he had no idea the 800-year-old Chimú pot he was carrying was
real.
- August: Acting on a tip-off, archaeologists alerted customs officials at the port of
Haifa,
who intercepted a container load of dozens of crates packed with
antiquities, including ancient coins, pottery, bronzes and small statues looted from
archaeological excavations around Israel. The objects ranged in date from Canaanite to
Early Arab Periods (3000 BC-AD 1000). The shipment, believed to be one of the largest ever
detected in Israel, was apparently destined for the market in the US. Amin Ganor, Head of
the Antiquities Authority Unit for the Prevention of Theft of Antiquities said the owner
of the container - a former antiquities dealer - lives abroad, is known to Unit and is
under surveillance.
- In October, UK Customs seized some 10,000 Greek and Roman coins
from a Bulgarian man at Gatwick airport. The suspect was travelling to
Orlando,
Florida and also carrying steroids.
- In November a man en route to the USA was detained by police at
Sofia
airport, Bulgaria, carrying thousands of ancient coins and other
artefacts including: 1312 silver, 107 gold and 424 bronze Greek, Macedonian, Roman and
Byzantine coins; 9 ancient bronze statues; 16 Thracian rings and 8 brooches. It was their
most valuable seizure ever, and contained some items of extreme rarity.
Israel is the only country in the Middle East that allows merchants, under license, to
trade in antiquities. Archaeologists and Israeli lawmakers are working to rewrite laws
with the aim of shutting down this trade.
May: A farmer near the village of Mandi, Uttar Pradesh,
discovered the largest collection of Harappan jewellery ever found in
India under a mound of earth, but it was quickly looted by locals.
Officials, who now have the site under armed guard, were able to salvage 10 kg
of gold jewellery from the 3 tonne hoard, along with pottery and burnt brick. A
reward
has been offered to villagers to get looted artefacts back, since archaeologists believe
they will be sold on the open market and melted down. No-one has yet come
forward. The find indicates that the Harappan empire was much bigger than previously
thought and that for some reason the Harappans had begun moving from their northern
territories.
- Australian Federal Police have returned to Greece 31 ancient
vases and 2 Byzantine icons with an estimated value of $2.2 million. They were
discovered during a drugs smuggling investigation, in properties owned by
Peter Pylarinos, who was jailed for drug-related offences. The vases were
excavated during the construction of the new Athens subway, and mainly consist of
fifth-century BC lekythoi, or oil vessels. They were awaiting conservation when they were
stolen
by night, in January 1994. Pylarinos has not said how he came into possession of
the artefacts.
- An ancient carved skull and conch shell, dating to the Mixtec culture,
were officially returned to the Mexican Ambassador to the United States,
at a ceremony held at the Seattle Museum of Art in July. The antiquities (along with
932
other pre-Columbian artefacts) were seized from the home of collector and looter
Frank
Stegmeier during a sting by Seattle Customs in 1994. Stegmeier, an ex-cop who
travelled frequently to Central and South America, sold the items for $160,000 to a
customs agent posing as an art buyer. They were seized on the grounds of violation of
federal smuggling statutes and the National Stolen Property Act, which prohibits the
transportation and sale of stolen items valued at more than $5000. Stegmeier eventually
received 41 months in jail on various other charges, as part of a plea bargain which
required him to return the skull and shell. He insists that the other 932 pieces are his
and their status is presently uncertain.
- Washington DC, June: US Customs Service commissioner Raymond
Kelly ceremonially handed over 4 ancient ceramic artefacts
to the
Italian Ambassador to the US. They were among 230 pieces recovered
by
Customs agents after and investigation into David Holland Swingler of
Laguna Hills, California. Swingler who, it emerged, was actively engaged in smuggling
antiquities from Italy using a pasta import company as cover, was sentenced by an
Italian Court (in absentia) to 4 years in jail, and fined 12 million lire, has
not been prosecuted in the US.
- Objects from the cache, including amphorae, vases, terracotta statues and other items,
were among 900 smuggled artefacts (recovered from the
USA and
Europe, with the help of US customs agents in Los Angeles and Atlanta),
displayed by police in Rome in October. They will be put on permanent display in museums
in southern and central regions of Puglia and Lazio, near the sites from which they were
looted.
Also among the objects displayed in Rome (see above) was a fifth-century BC
Etruscan
cup depicting a satyr clad in a lion skin which had passed through Sotheby's in
1995. A spokesman for Sotheby's denied that the auction house had been negligent in
selling the cup in a London sale when it emerged that the piece had been stolen from a
museum storeroom in Tivoli during a raid in 1994. It had been found
during excavations of an Etruscan cemetery at Poggio Sommavilla near
Rieti, in Lazio, in the late 1980s. Sotheby's bought the piece 'in good faith' at an
antiquities
sale, and sold it on to a German collector for $43,000.
- The appointment, in August, of prominent antiquities collector and archaeological
benefactor (see In The News CWC Issue 6) Shelby White to the US
President's Cultural Property Advisory Committee has shocked and
horrified many archaeologists in America. Nancy Wilkie, president of the Archaeological
Institute of America, who believed they had successfully lobbied against White's
appointment, described the situation as 'like putting a fox in charge of the
chicken coop' (New York Times, 15 August). The 11-member committee
reviews and advises the president on import restrictions on cultural patrimony that has
been pillaged, and comprises scholars, dealers, collectors and members of the public.
White's appointment was sponsored by Senator Daniel Moynihan (New York,
Democrat) and supported by eminent academics (many from institutions which White and her
husband, financier Leon Levy, have funded) like Katherine Lee Reid,
president of the Association of Art Museum Directors and Director of the Cleveland Museum,
and Glen Bowersock, Professor of Ancient History at the Institute for
Advanced Study in Princeton. White, whose extensive collections include the top half of
the Weary Herakles and the Icklingham Bronzes, has adamantly insisted
that critics have not been able to prove that she owns looted art and, following strong
criticism of her appointment in the Wall Street Journal, argued that legislation calls for
representation from a diverse viewpoint, not just archaeologists on the committee. Her
appointment has been interpreted as Bill Clinton's thanks for Senator Moynihan's support
for Hilary Clinton's New York election campaign. Senator Moynihan strongly opposed
the implementing bill for the Cultural Property Advisory Committee and is described as 'a
battering ram in Washington for Wall Street and for the financial executives who collect
art and serve as museums trustees' (The Art Newspaper September 2000).
- Meanwhile, archaeological and preservation communities in America, supported by similar
organizations worldwide have been fighting to defeat a bill introduced in the US Senate (S.
1696: The Cultural Property Procedural Reform Act) by Senator Moynihan, with the
support of Senator Charles Schumer (New York, Democrat). If passed, it is argued, this
bill would weaken the Cultural Property Implementation Act (CCPIA, passed in 1982) to the
point of repealing it. Senator Moynihan felt that changes were needed
because
of a recent 'proliferation' of import restrictions granted by the US to other countries,
but made particular note of Italy's request for such an agreement, which
has been vehemently opposed by the Senator and the trade (see In The News and Editorial
CWC Issue 5). Bill S.1696 would, according to the Archaeological Institute of America,
'inhibit the US's ability to enter into agreements with foreign nations to restrict the
flow of undocumented antiquities, create a bureaucratic nightmare, and leave the CCPIA
unable to carry out the purposes for which it was intended'. Lobbying
became a
matter of urgency when an effort was made to attach a version of the Bill to a
trade bill in the final days of Congress, so that it would be passed as part of a package
and its passage assured.
- An Advisory Panel, set up by the British Government (see
Editorial) has begun work examining the
illicit
antiquities trade. Headed by legal authority Professor Norman Palmer
and comprising of a range of experts including representatives for the
trade, archaeologists and museums, the panel is due to report in November to the
Department for Culture Media and Sport, advising whether the UK should sign the 1970
UNESCO Convention and the 1995 Unidroit Convention. A government inter-departmental
committee will then consider their findings.
- 25 July saw the publication of the House of Commons Select Committee
for
Culture, Media and Sport's report on repatriation and the illicit trade.
During the course of its enquiry the Committee heard evidence from 47 experts, received
submissions from more than 60 institutions, visited Greece, Italy, the British Museum and
Scotland Yard, and reviewed a wide range of issues (see
Editorial).
Efforts by archaeologists in central Romania to investigate remains of the ancient
Dacian
culture are being hampered by illicit treasure hunters, who have
apparently become active in the region over the last five years because of lenient
legislation. Illegal metal detectorists, searching for Dacian gold, are reported to have
recovered nearly 350 kg of weaponry and everyday objects which they then
abandon near the site of excavation. Archaeologist Professor Ioan Glodariu,
says the looters have unearthed around 2000 kosons (Dacian gold coins)
and so many are now entering the market, across Europe from Budapest to
Paris, that their sale price is constantly declining. He suggests that helicopters should
scatter buckshot or other metal across sites to confuse metal detector readings. According
to Romanian law archaeological material belongs to the State and, if caught, offenders are
fined the equivalent of $100.
- ABC News
- Ananova
- Antiques Trade Gazette
- Archaeological Institute of America
- Archaeology magazine
- The Art Newspaper
- ARTnews
- Associated Press
- Bergen Record
- Bulletin of the Society for American Archaeology
- CNET News.com
- Cultural Heritage Watch
- Dawn
- The Evening Standard
- The Guardian
- The International Herald Tribune
- The Journal of Museum Ethnography
- Clare Lyons
- Minerva
- Museums Journal
- Museum-security net
- National Geographic
- The New York Times
- News International, Pakistan
- PBS
- Public Archaeology
- Reuters
- Seattle P-I.com Northwest
- Society for African Archaeology
- The Sunday Telegraph
- The Sunday Times
- The Times
- US Customs Today
- US State Department
- Karen Vitelli
- Wall Street Journal
- Xinhua News Agency
We are always pleased to receive relevant press clippings and news items.
First posted March 2001; Page
design updated September 2006
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